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Journalists ; Born or Made? 






A PAPER 



BEAD BEFORK THE 



ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 

V 

OF THE 

WHARTON SCHOOL, 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLYMIA, 

AT ITS 

PIRST ANNUAL RE=UNION, 



HELD AT TI 



COLONNADE HOTEL. PHILADELPHIA, 
March 27th, 1888, 

BY 

EUQENE rvI.CAIVIP, 

Of the Editorial Staff of the Philadelphia Times. 



\ 



PUBLISHED BY THL" • ' 

PHILADELPHIA SOCIAL SCIENCE' ASSOCIATION. 
720 LocTJST Street, Piuladelphia. 



C3 




JOURNALISTS; BORN OR MADE. 



It is one of the conditions of every trade that it discloses 
to its followers, more than to others, its limitations and its dis- 
advantages. Early newspaper makers encountered difficulties 
surmountable only by great ambitions, wonderful endurance, 
and strong mental powers. 

The multitude fell ; the few conquered ; and as that few 
beheld the newspaper wrecks about them, they were perhaps 
excusable for concluding, with that modesty characteristic of all 
journalists, that every maternal increase in the press-staff of the 
world required some especial attention from the Almighty. 
Not only did they so conclude, but they possessed exceptional 
facilities for telling the world and us of their conclusions. 
They had but to mark the copy " must," and the next morning 
the butcher, the baker, the candlestick maker, who have no way 
to advertise the coyness of the ebb in their affairs, were forced 
to read it. From ancestral deference I am willing to admit 
that the journalists of the past were born ; but in the following 
paper I shall assert the belief of not a few who ought to know 
that they can be made. 

Journalism is a trade. It ought to be a profession. It is 
a modern growth, without accepted definitions or reliable 
statistics. What is news ? The books do not tell us. What is 
its annual value ? Nobody knows. Even as a trade, journalism 
has no recognized standard, no apprenticeship, no prescribed 
preparation. Those who follow it, got into it, they hardly know 
how. Most of them began as chroniclers of local events. 
They found their initiatory work accepted by editors, not 
because it was all that it should be, but because it was the best 
obtainable. Little by little they learned to know news when 
they saw it, and to relate it in a shape at least good enough to 
sell. They met many ups and downs — mostly downs, but at 
last they found themselves journalists, at salaries ranging from 
$500 to ^5.000 a year, with a strong tendency to stay near the 



lower figure. All are tradesmen and fully three-fourths are no 
more than apt craftsmen. They are not broad. They are 
simply able to seize upon what will sell. To them the great 
subjects of political economy, ancient and modern hisTory, 
finance, law, civil government, literature, taxation, comparative 
politics, and the innumerable array of topics upon which the 
newspapers are expected to intelligently speak, are sealed books. 

I recently asked twenty-two of the best news-gatherers of 
my acquaintance to define the article in which they deal. More 
than half of them replied that while they knew, news when they 
saw it, they could not intelligently define it. The balance gave 
varying definitions, no two of which were alike, and not one of 
which covered the whole subject. I then submitted a formula 
to about fifty leading journalists, and out of the discussion and 
suggestions which followed grew the following answer to the 
heretofore unanswered query : " What is news .'*" 

News is any unpublished event of present interest ; and, it 
may be added, the "nose for news," of which one hears so 
much, is a curious combination of mental alertness, curiosity, 
and unbounded energy. 

Further, but far more extensive, inquiries were necessary to 
obtain the approximate annual value of all the news published 
in the United States. In its raw condition, news may be said 
to cost nothing. Its value consists in the expense of 
collection, transportation and editing. The chief cost is for 
local news. That forms more than three-fourths of the annual 
total, or ^15,600,000. News, other than local, costs as follows : 
The interchange of routine-events $1,820,000, which is the total 
annual incomes of the Associated and United Press Asso- 
ciations and the foreign news ; $2,880,000 for special telegrams, 
which sum covers the pay of the correspondent and the 
telegraph tolls ; and $345,000 for bureaus maintained in the 
large news centres ; or a total annual value of $20,655,000. 

The annual value of the products of American journalism 
is $100,000,000. We have four times as many newspapers to 
the thousand population as Great Britain ; and the German 
newspaper having the largest circulation is published, not in 
Germany, but in America. There is a periodical of some sort 



5 

issued in this country every day for every man, woman and 
child in the United States. The aggregate annual circulation 
of all our periodical publications is about three and one-half 
billion copies, and the ink to print them costs ^300,000 a year. 
The ability to make 50,000 type impressions per hour, 
added to the fact that wood can be manufactured in to a good 
quality of paper, made cheap newspapers possible ; and cheap 
newspapers brought large circulations. There are six times as 
many regular readers of daily newspapers in this city as there 
were ten years ago. With large circulations comes increased 
influence, until it is now true that in the public economy there 
is no one factor that forms a contact at more vital points than 
the newspaper. It is a great educator. It is pedagogue to 
more people every day than are all the college professors in a year. 
It is a great moral teacher. It preaches seven times as often 
as the clergy, and to congregations of millions instead of hun- 
dreds. It is a great preserver of the public peace and conser- 
vator of good government. There is no other power so feared 
by crooks and congressmen. 

^ Journalism does not need to be told of its short comings. 
It does not require the information that it is often sensational. 
It cannot be surprised with the statement that it is many times 
inaccurate ; that its assertions are, as a rule, hurriedly and 
crudely made ; or that its grammar sometimes causes the upper 
literary ten thousand to weep. There appear in our newspapers 
every day hundreds of errors over which publishers, editors and 
reporters groan, but which the public never notices or dreams of. 
Yet editors are daily in receipt of complaints. These come 
from all sorts of people. Some writhe under fact ; others 
storm over fiction. Some write to f9rbid the use of their names 
in print ; while scores of others write to the editor for no other 
reason under heaven than to get their names into print. 
Doctors and lawyers fume over unprofessional mentions ; actors 
and clergymen send us puffs by the dozen that refer to them- 
selves as beautiful and popular, and learned and eloquent. Not 
long since an editor of my acquaintance received a complaining 
letter from the mayor of a certain Pennsylvania city. Beneath 
the signature the man himself had spelled his official title 
** mare." The writer was a college graduate, not, I am glad 



to say, of the University of Pennsylvania. Editors entertain 
more cranks than angels unawares. 

It was once the fortune of a journalist of this city to dine 
occasionlly with a clergyman, a college professor, two school 
teachers, and a half dozen ordinary people. The food was good, 
the arguments were better. The party divided on most ques- 
tions, but upon the utter degredation of the newspaper press 
in general and of Philadelphia in particular, it was a unit — save 
only the journalist. The chief abhorrence of the majority was 
sensationalism, and it was in vain that the newspaper maker 
argued that the demand for that article was quite up to the 
supply. The charge, particularly against Philadelphia, was 
scouted as ridiculous. One evening, when the journalist took 
his seat, there was a religious discussion on, but half way 
through the meal it ended, and he remarked quietly that 
O'Donovan Rossa had been shot. 

*' Who shot him .?" 

"Where is?" 

" Is he dead }" came from as many directions around the 
table. If there is anyone in whom educated persons and public 
purists have little cause to take interest, it is O'Donovan Rossa. 
Without a word the journalist eyed each questioner in turn. 
The argument told. There was never afterward any condemna- 
tion of the press at that table. 

There is another class who say that the newspaper of 
to-day faithfully portrays the hourly history of the world ; that 
while the editors edit the newspapers, the public edits the 
editors ; and that if the world does not like the reflection it itself 
produces in the mirror, it is at perfect liberty to alter the 
original. 

With due respect, I firmly take issue with both these 
classes. It is a daily endeavor with all representative journalists 
to elevate the tone of their publications. Their present stand- 
ard, whatever it may be thought to be, is above the mean of 
the public taste. 

Years ago the embryo doctor was assured that there was 
no place to acquire a medical education but in the office of a 
medical practitioner. There were many objections to such a 



place and plan for such instruction, but when these were sought 
to be overcome by collegiate training in medicine, a general cry 
arose from the medical profession that doctors could not be 
made in schools. By and by, however, this professional preju- 
dice was battered down, and now the medical profession itself 
insists, through expressions in the organic law, that all practi- 
tioners shall be graduates of some recognized medical college. 

A little later there began to be talk about law schools. The 
legal profession said there was no place except in a law office to 
acquire a legal education. To-day law schools are the rule — 
not so well established as the medical schools, it is true, 
because the hammering at the professional prejudice has not 
gone on so long, but the law colleges flourish and most of the 
leading universities have recognized departments for legal 
study. 

Still later, it was declared that no one could become a civil 
engineer who did not begin by carrying a chain. To-day, 
schools of technology graduate, not chief engineers, to be sure, 
but engineers who become successful in securing financial 
rewards and often become leading authorities in their profession. 
i At the present time there is making an effort to give 
instruction in journalism in the colleges, and, following the 
tradition of the old physician, the old lawyer and the old engi- 
neer, the older class of journalists, with wonderful unanimity, 
come forward to say that the only place to learn anything about 
the making of a newspaper is in the newspaper office itself. 
Indeed, they do not stop by saying that the colleges cannot 
give instruction that will be advantageous to future journalists, 
but they go so far as to attack the college men themselves and 
to taunt them with impractibility. They point out that college 
graduates who enter newspaper offices are generally distanced 
by the upstarts who can do little more than spell. Nay, they 
even assume to place tradesmen on the line with the Vergils, the 
Chaucers, and the Longfellows of the world, and say that 
newsgathers, like poets, are special dispensations of heaven. 

During the current year, I propounded the following 
queries to a large number of the working journalists of the 
country. 



Granting ability and aptitude, can oral and written instruc- 
tion accomplish as miuh for tJie ftUiire journalist, as for the 
future lawyer, doctor or divine ? 

If the learner knows ideas when he sees them, can he as well 
be taught the selection of those that will combine in the making 
of a good newspaper or magazine, as those that will argue well 
to a jury, act well on the sick, or preach well to a congregation ? 

Here are the replies : 

Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World'. "I see no 
reason why a chair of journalism, filled by a man of real talent 
and character, could not be made beneficial. Of course the 
highest order of talent or capacity could no more be taught by 
a professor of journalism, than could the military genius of a 
Hannibal, Caesar, or Bonaparte, be taught in military academies. 
Still, military academies are of value, and so could a chair of 
journalism be made beneficial, if filled by a man of brains and 
experience. I have thought seriously upon this subject, and 
think well of the idea, though I know it is the habit of news- 
paper men to ridicule it. The value of the idea would depend 
upon its execution." 

It was the opinion of the elder Bennett that journalists 
were made. He was fond of hunting up men who had served 
in small places. He believed that talent, no matter how bright, 
needed training — a process that he delighted to perform for 
himself. He insisted upon having men who had served on the 
local staff of either his own or some other journal. 

\i Charles A. Dana, of the New York Sun : " The scheme of 
teaching journalism by a college professor who is to give 
especial attention to English composition and to be helped out 
by courses of lectures given by professional journalists, seems 
to me just as much mistaken as woiild be the attempt to teach 
medicine in the same manner. Every young man who studies 
in a college should receive the most competent and most careful 
instruction in English composition ; for without this any 
education will remain very imperfect. In addition, he ought to 
have the most complete general training that the college can 
give, and when that is finished, let him go into an office to 
learn the practice of the newspaper art. - Just as no man can 



become a practicing physician or lawyer without studying the 
details of the practice in a physician's or lawyer's office, and in 
hospitals and courts, so no man can really acquire the theory 
and skill of journalism except in a newspaper office. Of course 
the preparatory education of one who means to devote his life 
to newspaper making, must differ somewhat from that of one 
who means to devote his life to any other intellectual pursuit ; 
yet in the main the foundation should be the same. Languages, 
law, morals, philosophy, logic, theology, history, mathematics, 
chemistry, astronomy are all necessary ; but they are only the 
foundation. After that is properly laid the teaching of a 
special professor of journalism or of the prefunctory lectures of 
experts, would be worthless compared with the efficient drill of 
reporting, exchange reading, and writing under a competent 
editor and managing editor." 

Charles Emory Smith, of the Philadelphia Press : "To the 
question whether oral instruction can accomplish as much for 
the embryo journalist as for the embryo lawyer or doctor, I 
answer yes. It is relatively more important, for while in law 
and in medicine there may be a substitute for this form of 
instruction, there is none in journalism. The principles of lav/ 
are clearly defined, well established and laid down in the books 
where the student may find them. The principles and rules of 
journalism are nowhere presented in any such precise way and 
are not accessible in the same form. Though less definitely 
determined they are susceptible of clear statement and illustra- 
tion. There are no practical text-books, though there are 
special studies which may be recommended and pursued by 
way of preparation. In fact, the rules of journalism are what 
the best trained and most skillful masters of the art make, and 
they can best be imparted by those who constitute the 
authorities. Practical experience is the indispensable teacher 
in journalism as in law, but the whole range of direction and 
suggestion which will serve to guide the beginner and introduce 
him to journalism as a profession rather than a daily task, must 
come from oral instruction." 

George William Curtis, of Harper s Weekly : " I should 
think that oral instruction from a journalist of tact, ability and 



10 



experience would be quite as serviceable to the tyro in journal- 
ism as the lectures of the professor of law or medicine to the 
young student." 

E. L. Godkin, of The Nation : " Every professor in every 
college is actively engaged in preparing all the students in his 
charge to be journalists. The latter, for instance, ought to have 
a forcible and clear style, but all the help he can get from any 
professor he gets at college from the Professor of Rhetoric and 
English Literature. He ought to be a strong and lucid reasoner, 
but all that instruction can do to make him such is done by the 
Professor of Logic. He ought to know all the history and 
political economy, biography and mental philosophy, science 
and art literature, which anybody knows who is not a specialist. 
But it is the business of colleges to teach these through a dozen 
chairs. Like all other callings it has its peculiar and technical 
part ; but this is really a small and purely mechanical part, and 
has to be learned in a newspaper office, just as practice has to be 
learned in a law office. By far the greater part of the skill of the 
news editor and reporter, as well as the editorial writer, is moral 
and intellectual ; and the part that is not, cannot be communi- 
cated by lecturing. It has to be learned by doing. Nobody can 
show a man how to be a good collector of news. Capacity in this 
direction is mainly constitutional. It is a mixture of energy, 
curiosity, industry, working under the guidance of experience — 
for it is experience, after all, which tells a man what is new and 
what is not, and what the relative and absolute importance 
of any particular piece of news is. The resemblance of chairs 
in journalism to panaceas in medicine is very striking, for both 
undertake the impossible at very low rates." 

Henry Watterson, of the Louisville Courier-Journal : "A 
school of special instruction in newspaper work is feasible and 
desirable, and, if properly organized and conducted, would be 
advantageous. There is not a newspaper manager in the country 
who would not be glad to recruit his army of nev/s-gatherers 
from a school in which the rudimentary principles of newspaper 
requirement and responsibility are well taught. Such a school 
would no more make a journalist than West Point makes a 
soldier. But it would lay the needful foundations. The chief 



II 



end to be aimed at by a college department of journalism should 
be, first, simple training in the preparation of copy for publi- 
cation, embracing the art of condensation, and, second, moral 
training in the obligations of decency and truthfulness, which 
the individual assumes when he becomes a public writer, or 
reporter for the press. I am inclined to think that a time has 
come when the organization of a faculty for a school of journal- 
ism is possible, and I may add that in my opinion there is no 
better site for such a department of a University than the city 
of Philadelphia, which is in close contiguity to so many of the 
great cities, yet apart from them, and where practical journalism 
has made uncommon advances during the last ten or twelve 
years." 

Col. Charles H. Taylor, of the Boston Globe: "A man 
may be a good doctor, a good lawyer or a good preacher, and 
still be a narrow man — a man of strong prej udice — but to be a 
successful journalist one must be broad, many-sided, human. 
A college course that will foster human sympathies, that will 
keep young men out of ruts of thought and teach them, or lead 
them to collect, a vast amount of general information, will turn 
out good material from which to make journalists. I think 
many of our colleges are doing this ; that the tendency in most 
of them is in the right direction, I do not believe that prac- 
tical journalism can be taught to-day in our colleges to any 
advantage." 

Col. A. K. McClure, of the Philadelphia Times : '* Journal- 
ists are the greatest of our teachers, and there is every reason 
why special education should specially fit them for such teach- 
ing, as men are taught for all other channels of teaching." 

William Penn Nixon, of the Chicago Inter-Ocean : " In my 
judgment there is no reason in the world why a young journahst 
should not be as much improved by proper training as the 
embryo lawyer or doctor, but his teachers should be men who 
understand the practical worth of everything they attempt to 
teach. In other words, the instructor ought to be a journalist 
himself, and he ought to send his pupils right out to do practical 
work under his eye. Follow such a plan and the experiment 
will, in my opinion, prove successful." 



12 



George Jones, of the New York Times : " There is no 
reason why a college man should not make a good journalist, if 
he is content to begin at the bottom and learn those details of 
the business which can be secured nowhere except in a news- 
paper office, and which are essential to subsequent success." 

Murat Halstead, of the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette : 
** The college is one of the schools of journalism — only one. A 
good education is desirable in an editor — indeed, it must be had 
in some form. There are as many ways of editing as preaching, 
practicing law or farming ; indeed, there is nothing in human 
affairs untouched. Those of an imperfect education in the 
languages, literature, and the law, are perpetually embarrassed 
by these limitations as editors, and also as professional men of 
any sort. The bottom, of the newspaper business is native 
sense — the knowing of a few things promptly — and endless hard 
work." 

If variety of opinion be sought, it is certain to be found in 
this expert testimony. But if we take the mean of all the 
opinions, we will discover that the answer is emphatically in 
the affirmative, and that already the leading journalists admit 
that the educational foundation for the trade can be laid in 
college, if only it be correctly undertaken, and judiciously 
carried out. In the latter is involved the all-important problem. 

An attempt is to be made at Cornell University during the 
coming year, to give elementary instruction in journalism. 
There has been no chair in journalism established there, as has 
been reported, and the instruction will be given by the depart- 
ment of rhetoric only to seniors, and to such juniors as are 
engaged in editorial labor upon the college publications. 
Instruction in prose composition will be the same as has hereto- 
fore been given to all students, but a practical journalist will illus- 
trate in a series of lectures consuming two hours per week 
throughout the college year, the routine of the metropolitan 
and provincial newspaper offices, the financial problems involved, 
and .the fact, too often lost sight of, that journalism has no 
rewards for half-hearted application or mediocre ability, but 
that it requires for success the life purpose of the best brains of 
the community. Only the most elementary work will be under- 



13 

taken this year. Future plans will depend upon the results 
obtained. 

I do not believe it advisable to attempt in college the 
making of a newspaper. This task consumes time that can be 
better spent, while it publishes all short-comings to the little, 
but very critical, world interested in it. Most of the composi- 
tion required of college students is constructive ; while that 
required of journalists may almost be said to be destructive. 
The one elaborates ; the other boils down. The one writes out 
a prescribed number of pages on a given subject ; the other 
sees how many statements he can make in a given space. In 
this day of telegraphs and fast mails, the problem with editors is 
not what to fill with, but how to find room for the mass of good 
matter that is offered ; while to arrest the tons of driftwood, the 
editor must resolve himself into a portcullis, whose bolts are 
steeled sensibilities and whose bars are blue lead-pencils. 

I am aware that what does appear in the newspapers is 
criticised ; and equally aware that it deserves all the criticism 
that it receives. But a newspaper style of composition is yet 
in its formative state. It is no use to denounce it, as many do, 
from the literary standard. It does not, and could not, aim to 
be literature. It aims to tell the news in the fewest possible 
words, and that few, those that will enable the reader to possess 
the information and forget the language — like the perfectly 
clear glass that reveals the object but is not itself seen. 

College instruction in journalism should not differ greatly 
from the instruction given in the regular college course. The 
instructor should direct his pupils in what other part of the 
university they can find instruction best suited to their future 
needs. This instruction, which would of course include the 
lectures on political economy, constitutional and administrative 
law, comparative politics, taxation, money, ancient history, and 
the political, industrial and social history of the United States, 
should be taken from the regular professors in those subjects. 
In addition to these the instructor in journalism should give a 
course of lectures upon the following subjects : 

What news is. 

The value of news. 

The collection and disposition of 7ietvs. 



14 

These three heads will be found to cover the entire process 
of newspaper making. For supplementary work, instruction 
should be given in prose composition. This should involve the 
telling of incidents of all sorts in the fewest possible words, 
the definition of all words, especially of adjectives, and the con- 
struction of grammatical and rythmical sentences in the mind 
before consigning them to paper. It should likewise involve 
the intelligent use of the right arm of journalism — the blue 
pencil. 

An invaluable adjunct to the work of the college tutor in 
journalism would be occasional lectures by leading journahsts. 
There could be six or eight of these each year, by different men, 
so that during his three or four years at college the student 
would have heard, and probably met, most of the great jour- 
nalists of the country. The presence of a successful man 
always inspires to renewed effort. If he did nothing more than 
tell the story of his own life, it would be valuable. His visit 
could be made a social event, and thus the benefit would be 
mutual, for the men who direct the policy of our large journals 
are too often office men and book worms ; and unless they read 
it in their own newspaper, the work of some enterprising 
reporter, are too apt to be ignorant of the work doing by the 
great educational institutions. 

At present there is no place in this country where the 
shghtest attention is given to journalism, as a distinct study, 
save in the newspaper offices, where careful preparatory work 
is manifestly impossible. Only the practical side of the trade 
is acquired there. It is a hand to mouth instrfiction. There 
is no time for the broadening of the educational foundations, 
and yet it is only by such broadening process that any, save the 
geniuses in mind and body, can hope to win success. 

There are in our newspaper offices hundreds of men just 
entering middle life. They have had years of special train- 
ing of the most laborious character. They are ambitious to 
reap greater rewards in return for their peculiar acquirements. 
Four out of five of them are unable to do so. Why ? Because 
the technical training they have secured at the desks, at the 
advice of the old school journalists, has made them simply 



15 

admirable machines — routine chroniclers of other men's 
thoughts and acts. Their duties bring brawn rather than brain 
into service — and the pay is rated accordingly. They are the 
practical run mad. To them the great economic, legal, his- 
torical, financial, scientific and even literary subjects of the 
world are sealed books, save only as a few of them are imper- 
fectly opened in individual cases during hours that ought to be 
spent in rest and sleep. 

y If journalism is to maintain its place as the teacher of the 
largest class of pupils in Christendom, the future working 
journalist — the b^fte and sinew of the trade — must not remain 
so handicapped a^he now is. He must be broadened by 
knowledge, and deepened by research. He must create as 
well as chronicle. 

I do not affirm that a college can graduate managing 
editors. No trade school graduates shop foremen. But I do 
affirm that if oral and written instruction can do as much for 
the future journalist as for the future professional man, — and a 
majority of the journalists interviewed declare it can — then the 
place to impart such instruction is in college, by a tutor 
especially adapted for the work, and not in the hurry of actual 
business, where experience proves that only the mechanism of 
the trade is acquired. One thing at least is certain. It is only 
through such reform as is here suggested that journalism can 
be raised from a trade, where it now is, to the dignity of the 
learned profession that it ought to be. 

^ Journalism is a new industry. It utilizes the best brains of 
the nation. Its rewards are fairly liberal, its work exacting, 
and both have a tendency to increase. Col. McClure declares 
journalists to be the greatest of our teachers. If that be true, 
then journalism has become, as medicine and law became long 
ago, of sufficient importance to demand special scholastic train- 
ing. For such training, I believe, with Mr. Watterson, that no 
other city affords so many advantages as Philadelphia ; and last, 
but not least, I would like to see the honor of having been the 
first institution in the world to lend its scholastic advan- 
tages to journalism, belong to the Wharton School of the 
University of-Pennsylvania. 



THE FOLLO^WING IS A LIST OF THE PAPERS READ 
BEFORE THE ASSOCIATION. 



Those Marked * out of Prir>t. f Not Printed. 



iSyi. Compulsory Education. By Lorin Blodget. * 

Arbitration as a Remedy for Strikes. By Eckley B. Coxe. * 

The Revised Statutes of Pennsylvania. By R. C. McMurtrie. * 

Local Taxation. By Thomas Cochran. * 

Infant Mortality. By Dr. J. S. Parry. 
1872. Statute Law and Common Law, and the Proposed Revision in Pennsyl- 
vania. By E. Spencer Miller. | 

Apprenticeship. By James S. Whitney. 

The Proposed Amend^nents to the Constitution of Pen^ftJh;ania. By Francis 
Jordan. ^P 

Vaccination. By Dr. J. S. Parry. * 

The Census. By Lorin Blodget. * 
iSyj. The Tax System of Pennsylvania, By Cyrus Elder. * 

The Work of the Constitiititnal Convention. By A. vSydney Biddle. 

What shall Philadelphia do with its Paupers? By Dr. Isaac Ray. 

Proportional Representation. By S. Dana Horton. * 

Statistics Relating to the Births. Deaths^ Marriages, etc., in Philadelphia. 
By John Stockton- Hough, M. D. 

On the Value of Real Scientific Research. By Dr. Ruschenberger. 

On tJie Relative Influence of City and Country Life, on Morality, Healthy 
Fecundity, Longevity a7id Mortality. By John Stockton- Hough, M. D. 
1874. The Public School System of Philadelphia. By James S. Whitney. 

The Utility of Government Geological Surveys. Professor J. P. Lesley. 

The Law of Partnership. By J. G. Rosengarten. * 

Methods of Valuation of Real Estate for Taxation. By Thomas Cochran. 

The Merits of Cre?7iation. By Persifor Frazer, Jr. 

Outlines of Penology. By Joseph R. Chandler. 
i8yj. Brain Disease and Modern Livi/ig. By Dr. Isaac Ray. f 

Hygiene of the Eye, Considered with Reference to the Children in otir 
Schools. By Dr. F. D. Castle. 

The Relative Morals of City and Country. By William S. Pierce. 

Silk Culture and Home Industry. By Dr. Samuel Chamberlaine. 

Mind Reading, etc. By Persifor frazer, Jr. 

Legal Status of Married Women in Pennsylvania. By N. D. Miller. 

The Revised Status of the United States. By Lorin Blodget. 
i8j6. Training Nurses for the Sick. By John H. Packard, M. D. 

The Advantages of the Co-operative Feature of Building Associations. 
By Edmund Wrigley. 

The Operations of our Building Associations. By Joseph I. Doran. 

Wisdom in Charity. By Rev. Charles G. Ames. * 
iSyy. Free Coinage and a Self Adjusting Ratio. By Thomas Balch. 

Building Systems for Great Cities. By Lorin Blodget. 

Metric Syste?n. By Persifor Frazer, Jr. 
1878. Cause and Cure of Hard Times. By R. J. Wright. 

House -Drain age and Sewerage. By George E. Waring, Jr. 

A Plea for a State Board of Health. By Benjamin Lee, M. D. 

The Gertn Theory of Disease, and its Present Bearing upon Public and 
Personal Hygiene. By Joseph G. Richardson, M. D. 
iSjg- Delusive Methods of Municipal Financiering. By William F. Ford, f 

Technical Education. By A. C. Rembaugh, M. D. 

The English Methods of Legislation Compared with the American, 
By S. Sterne. 



iSjg. Thoughts on the Labor Question. By Rev. D. O. Kellogg. 

On the Isolation of Persons in Hospitals for the Insane. By Dr. Isaac Ray. 

Notes on Reform Schools. By J. G. Rosengarten. * 
iS8o. Philadelphia Charity Organization. By Rev. Wm. H. Hodge. 

Public Schools in their Relatio7is to the Comtnitniiy . By James S. Whitney. 

Industrial and Decorative Art in Public Schools. By Charles G. Leland. 

Penal and Reformatory Institutiofts. By J. (j. Rosengarten. 
iSSi. Nominations for Public Office. By Mayer Sulzberger. 

Modelling for the Study of Human Character. By Edward A. Spring, j 
1S82. Municipal Government. By John C. Bullitt. 

Result of Art Education in Schools. By Chas. G. Leland. 

Apprenticeship at it Was and Is. By Addison B. Burk. 
iBSs- The American Aristocracy. By Lincoln L. Eyre. 

A Plea for a Nezu City Hospital. By Thomas W. Barlow. 

Some Practical Aims on School Hygiene. By Dr. Lincoln, f 

The Pending School Problems. By Professor ^L B. Snyder. 

Municipal Government. By Wm. Righter Fisher. 

Social Condition of the Industrial Classes. By Lorin Blodget. 
1884. Progress of Industrial Education. By Phillip C. Garrett. 

A Plea for Better Distribution. By Charles ^L DuPuy. 

Formation of Public Libraries in Philadelphia. By Lloyd. P. Smith. •{- 

Best Means of Regaining Health. By Dr. Walters, f 

Milk Supplies of our Large Cities, etc.^ etc. By J. Cheslon Morris, M. D. 
1883. Alcoholism. By A. C. Rembaugh, M. D. 

Sanitary Reforms in Large Cities. By Dr. Leffmann. f 

Sanitary Influence of Forest Grozuih. Dr. J. M. Anders. 

Outline of a Proposed School of Political and Social Science. By Edmund 
J. James, Ph. D. 
1886 ■ The Organization of Local Boards of Health in Pennsylvania. By Benj. 
Lee, A. M., M. D., Ph. D. 

Manual Training a Valuable Feature in General Education. By C. M. 
Woodward, Ph. D. 

The Gas Question in Philadelphia. By Edmund J. James, Ph. D. 

Trade Dollars : The President's Potver^ etc., etc. By Dr. James C. Hallock. 

The Balance of Power between Industrial a7id Intellectual Work. By Miss 
M. M. Cohen. 

Wife Beating as a Crime, and its Relation to Taxation. By Hon. Robert 
Adams, Jr. 

Defeat of Pai-ty Despotis7n. By Rev. Dr. Leonard W. Bacon, j 

Land and Indizidualism. By Kemper Bocock. f 
1887. Chairs of Pedagogics in our Universities. By Edmund J. James, Ph. D. 
18S8. Journalists : Born or Made. By Eugene ^L Camp. 



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